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unattractive. So, a better approach to simulating the Duf ng equation is with a higher-order explicit method. For example, Heun s method for (10.85) may be stated as xn+1 = xn + 1 h[f (xn , yn , tn ) + f (xn + k1 , yn + l1 , tn + h)], 2 yn+1 = yn + where k1 = hf (xn , yn , tn ), l1 = hg(xn , yn , tn ). (10.119)

The c in cGMP represents the notion of current industry practices. Process owners must work to remain current with industry and regulatory trends affecting their process and its overall effect on the QMS and the business. Awareness of process capability and comparability with other like processes within and outside the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry is essential. Regulators will compare an owner s process against other similar processes in which they have experience when formulating value judgments. Benchmarking against similar processes provides process owners the data needed to determine adequacy of their process with industry peer groups. Where technology, ef ciency, performance, or compliance can be enhanced, it should be considered by an aware and informed process owner. Functional management cannot keep pace with the changes occurring with all the processes supporting manufacturing. Ensuring process owners dedicate suf cient time to keeping current with process-related external events will ensure process success. This may include review of industry periodicals, attendance at seminars and regulatory presentations, and routine self-evaluation and benchmarking against relative processes. Often, the best examples of process ef ciency can be found outside the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. Other elds such as electronics, space, and software industries have evolved their documentation, training, quality, and change control systems to the point of best in class. These industries are more time sensitive to get product to market and have often evolved their processes to be ef cient and decision processes to be very quick. Process owners may expand their knowledge by investigating other industries to nd best practices and apply them internally. 3.3.5.7 Regulatory Inspection and Audit Lead

HSQLDB (also known as Hypersonic or HSQL), is a lightweight, 100% Java SQL database engine. It is a fast relational database management system (RDBMS) written in Java. The unique thing about HSQLDB is that it features both in-memory database tables and disk-based database tables. The database can be configured in four modes: stand-alone(embedded), in-memory(embedded), server (external process), or web (running as a web server). You can find the Java code in AlbumDaoTest.java in the wrox-pix-web\src\test\java\com\wrox\ beginspring\pix\dao\examples folder of the code download. (For the purpose of the following steps we assume that you have already successfully built the sample code for this book. Please refer to Appendix C for instructions on building the code.)

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Because defining a dynamic block takes some time although simpler dynamic blocks are not very time-consuming to set up the most common use for dynamic blocks is to create a block library Normally, you define your dynamic blocks and save them for future use in your drawings In other words, unless you need to insert a new block many times in several variations in a drawing, you won t create dynamic blocks for the current drawing on which you re working A block library can have two configurations: One block per drawing: You save each block in its own drawing Use the BASE command to specify the origin of the drawing, which is usually on an object snap somewhere on the block (I explain the BASE command in the Saving blocks as files section earlier in this chapter.

Figure 2.4. Retention in column chromatography. A typical chromatography trace showing the separation of two components; 1 and 2. The retention volumes of the components are shown by V1 and V2 , respectively, while the base peak widths are denoted by W1 and W2 . The void volume is denoted by V0 .